Coding frequency and tools

Coding frequency

We asked respondents “In your current role, how often do you write code to complete your work objectives?”.

Coding frequency	Count
Never	16
Rarely	27
Sometimes	40
Regularly	75
All the time	89
^a Sample size = 247

What people are using code for

We asked respondents what data operations they carry out in their work, and whether they use code to do them. Please note we did not ask how much of each data operation is done with code, or how often.

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Data operation	I do some or all of this by coding	I do this without coding
Analysis	203	36
Data cleaning	201	26
Data linking	174	18
Data transfer	92	41
Data visualisation	160	60
Machine learning	42	2
Modelling	99	23
^a Sample size = 247

Access to and knowledge of programming languages

Given a list of programming tools, we asked respondents to answer “Yes”, “No” or “Don’t know” for the following statements;

This tool is available to use for my work.
I know how to program with this tool to a level suitable for my work.

Access to tools does not necessarily refer to official policy. Some analysts may have access to tools others cannot access within the same organisation.

Please note that capability in programming languages is self-reported here and was not objectively defined or tested.

Access to coding tools

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Programming language	Yes	Don't Know	No
C++ / C#	19	129	99
Java / Scala	23	130	94
Javascript / Typescript	40	122	85
Matlab	8	120	119
Python	157	44	46
R	219	13	15
SAS	119	75	53
SPSS	99	74	74
SQL	193	39	15
Stata	67	102	78
VBA	156	56	35
^a Sample size = 247

Knowledge of coding tools

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Programming language	Yes	Don't Know	No
C++ / C#	15	7	225
Java / Scala	13	8	226
Javascript / Typescript	30	6	211
Matlab	49	10	188
Python	104	4	139
R	183	6	58
SAS	88	5	154
SPSS	105	6	136
SQL	169	3	75
Stata	41	5	201
VBA	77	7	163
^a Sample size = 247

Access and knowledge gaps

Using the data presented above we calculated the number of respondents with:

Access to tools they do not have the capability to use (access only),
Access to tools they are able to use (access and knowledge)
Or capability to use tools they cannot access at work (knowledge only)

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Programming language	Access only	Access and knowledge	Knowledge only
C++ / C#	16	3	12
Java / Scala	20	3	10
Javascript / Typescript	19	21	9
Matlab	6	2	47
Python	71	86	18
R	44	175	8
SAS	44	75	13
SPSS	43	56	49
SQL	37	156	13
Stata	44	23	18
VBA	83	73	4
^a Sample size = 247

Coding capability

Change in coding ability during current role

This question was only asked of respondents with coding experience outside of their current role. This means analysts who first learned to code in their current role are not included in the data.

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Ability Change	Count
Significantly worse	9
Slightly worse	27
No change	28
Slightly better	81
Significantly better	68
^a Sample size = 213

Where respondents first learned to code

Respondents with coding experience outside their current role were asked when they first learned to code. This output also includes analysts who code in their current role but reported no other coding experience.

These data only show where people first learned to code. They do not show all the settings in which they had learned to code, to what extent, or how long ago.

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First coding experience	Count
In current role	33
In education	108
In private sector employment	15
In public sector employment	37
Self-taught	41
Other	5
^a Sample size = 239

Coding practices

We asked respondents who said they currently use code in their work how often they carry out various coding practices. For more information on the practices presented below, please read our guidance on Quality Assurance of Code for Analysis and Research.

General coding practices

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	Percent
Question	I don't understand this question	Never	Rarely	Sometimes	Regularly	All the time
I use open source software when programming	3.9	14.7	8.2	15.2	18.2	39.8
My team open sources its code	6.9	44.2	16.9	16.5	10.8	4.8
I use a source code version control system e.g. Git	5.2	31.6	14.7	12.1	13.0	23.4
Code my team writes is reviewed by a colleague	0.0	3.9	10.0	24.2	31.6	30.3
I write repetitive elements in my code as functions	2.2	7.8	11.3	22.5	28.1	28.1
I unit test my code	22.1	11.7	17.7	19.9	16.0	12.6
I collect my code and supporting material into packages	11.7	40.7	14.7	16.0	10.8	6.1
I follow a standard directory structure when programming	19.5	11.7	12.1	24.2	18.2	14.3
I follow coding guidelines or style guides when programming	3.0	10.4	7.8	26.0	34.6	18.2
I write code to automatically quality assure data	2.6	14.3	19.0	37.2	18.2	8.7
My team applies the principles set out in the Aqua book when carrying out analysis as code	34.2	14.3	9.1	19.9	17.3	5.2
^a Sample size = 231

Documentation

Embedded documentation is one of the components which make up a RAP minimum viable product. Documentation is important to help others be clear on how to use the product and what the code is intended to do.

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	Percent
Question	I don't understand this question	Never	Rarely	Sometimes	Regularly	All the time
Code comments	2.2	0.4	1.7	4.3	32.0	59.3
Documentation for each function or class	7.4	16.5	13.0	28.6	23.4	11.3
README files	5.2	18.2	16.5	24.7	20.8	14.7
Desk notes	17.7	14.7	12.6	20.8	24.7	9.5
Analytical Quality Assurance (AQA) logs	19.5	29.0	18.2	16.9	13.0	3.5
Data or assumptions registers	17.3	35.1	12.1	13.0	15.2	7.4
Flow charts	5.6	29.0	22.1	29.4	11.3	2.6
^a Sample size = 231

Dependency management

Respondents who currently use code in their work were asked whether they use any tools for dependency management. We provided examples of tools that may be used for dependency management:

Requirements files, e.g. python requirements.txt or R DESCRIPTION files
Virtual environments (e.g. venv or renv) or virtual machines
Containers e.g. Docker

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Use dependency management software	Count
Yes	49
No	96
I don't know what dependency management is	86
^a Sample size = 231

Reproducible workflow packages

Respondents were asked whether they use continuous integration technologies. As above, respondents were provided with examples of what those might be:

GitHub actions
Jenkins
Travis

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Use reproducible workflow packages	Count
Yes	12
No	136
I don't know what reproducible workflows are	83
^a Sample size = 231

RAP knowledge and opinions

We asked respondents about their knowledge of and opinions on reproducible analytical pipelines (RAP). RAP refers to the use of practices from software engineering to make analysis more reproducible. These practices build on the advantages of writing analysis as code by ensuring increased quality, trust, efficiency, business continuity and knowledge management. The RAP champions are a network of analysts across government who promote and support RAP development in their departments.

Knowledge of RAP

We asked our respondents whether they had heard of RAP and what their knowledge is of their own department RAP champion.

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RAP champion knowledge	Count
Have not heard of RAP	47
Heard of RAP, have not heard of RAP champions	32
Heard of RAP, does not know department champion	84
Heard of RAP champions, no champion in department	4
Knows department RAP champion	58
^a Sample size = 247

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Line manage anyone who writes codes	count
Yes	82
No	64
I don't line manage anyone	101
^a Sample size = 247

Opinions on RAP

We asked respondents who had heard of RAP whether they agreed with a series of statements.

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	Percent
Question	Strongly disagree	Disagree	Neutral	Agree	Strongly agree
I feel confident implementing RAP in my work	8.5	21.0	23.5	28.0	19.0
I feel supported to implement RAP in my work	4.5	19.5	27.5	30.5	18.0
I know where to find resources to help me implement RAP	3.5	21.5	20.0	43.0	12.0
I understand what the key components of the RAP methodology are	4.5	18.0	18.0	42.5	17.0
I think it is important to implement RAP in my work	2.5	4.0	20.0	37.0	36.5
I and/or my team are currently implementing RAP	10.0	22.0	20.5	26.5	21.0
I or my team are planning on implementing RAP in the next 12 months	6.5	18.5	25.0	27.0	23.0
^a Sample size = 200

RAP scores

RAP component scores “regularly” or “all the time” to the relevant questions. For documentation, this includes both code comments and README files. For the continuous integration and dependency management components we only collected “yes”, “no” or “I don’t understand the question” responses. As such, we gave “yes” responses a score of 1. The sum total of each respondent’s scores is presented here as “RAP scores”.

A score of one for each RAP component is derived where respondents answered “regularly” or “all the time” to the relevant questions. For documentation, this includes both code comments and README files. For the continuous integration and dependency management components we only collected “yes”, “no” or “I don’t understand the question” responses. As such, we gave “yes” responses a score of 1. The sum total of each respondent’s scores is presented here as “RAP scores”. “Basic components” are the components which make up the RAP MVP. “Advanced components” are components that help improve reproducibility, but were are considered part of the minimum standard.

RAP components

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Component	Type	Count
AQUA book guidance	Basic	52
Documentation	Basic	77
Peer review	Basic	143
Team open source code	Basic	36
Use open source software	Basic	134
Version control	Basic	84
Code packages	Advanced	39
Continuous integration	Advanced	43
Dependency management	Advanced	49
Follow code style guidelines	Advanced	122
Function documentation	Advanced	80
Functions	Advanced	130
Unit testing	Advanced	66
^a Sample size = 231

Basic RAP scores

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Basic RAP score	Count
0	32
1	53
2	50
3	41
4	32
5	16
6	7
^a Sample size = 231

Advanced RAP scores

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Advanced RAP score	Count
0	48
1	45
2	50
3	27
4	31
5	9
6	13
7	8
^a Sample size = 231

Grade profile: Senior Executive Officer (or equivalent)

Coding frequency and tools